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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is an umbrella term used to describe progressive lung diseases including emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and refractory (non-reversible) asthma. It is characterized by increasing breathlessness . Asthma is a chronic inflammatory illness .Symptoms includes coughing, chest tightness, and difficulty in breathing. Asthma can lead to chronic inflammation of irreversible obstruction and the lungs. Compared to emphysema, the bronchi, not the alveoli will be affected.   Asthma is increasing worldwide and thus special care and research is going on across the globe to reduce its effect on humanity. There are over 40 million people suffering from COPD related diseases, it is one of the major causes of death and asthma in increasing at an alarming rate in  the developing countries such as India. People of all age are suffering from COPD related diseases. Signs & Symptoms of Asthma are breathlessness, sweat all over the body, breat...

This follows the introduction to the anatomy of the respiratory system. The respiratory tract contains several layers. The portions of the respiratory tract are shown. Including the info required for first degree courses in physiology and anatomy. Diagram of their Structure of their Lower Respiratory Tract the majority of text books characterize the larynx as a portion of the upper respiratory system, it is also displayed in the diagram above to make sure that the place of the constructions described here compared to those of the upper respiratory system. The trachea extends from beneath the larynx towards the lungs.  The trachea is coated with cilia that trap and mucous membranes. The C shaped cartilage and the submucosa merge. Outer Structures of their Lower Respiratory Tract: The intercostal muscles contract to elevate upward and outwards to the rib cage. About respiration, see the page for more about the purpose of those muscles. Two layers of epithelium called ple...